サーバー監視がキチンとできているWEBサービスと、サーバー監視をやっていないWEBサービスでは、サービスクオリティに明確な差が発生してきます。
しっかりとしたサーバー監視をしているかどうかは、WEBサービスを構築しているエンジニアに対して、「そのサービスはどのくらいのキャパシティを持っているの？」と聞いてみるとよく分かります。
これまでの経験上、CTOという肩書を持っているエンジニアでも、多くの回答が「それはサーバーエンジニアに任せています」という返答でした。
もちろん、サーバースペックを詳細に説明してくれるエンジニアもいたし、素直に「わかりません」という返答も少なくありませんでした。
この質問がサービスにおけるビジネスクオリティの基本であることを知っていると知らないで大きく差が出るので、是非この記事を機会に、よく理解できていないエンジニアは、覚えてもらいたいです。
そのサーバーでどのくらいの売り上げが出せるのか？
僕がこの質問を最初に受けたのは、前職で有償のB2B系のWEBサービスを構築していて、ロンチ直前にその時の上司から「その製品で何社ぐらい売れるの？」と聞かれた時でした。
その時僕は「100アカウントぐらいは1サーバーで耐えられると思いますよ」という返答をしましたが、その根拠は全くありませんでした。
単純に100アカウントぐらいの登録であれば、耐えられるであろうという肌感だけでしたが、この時の上司の質問の意図は、サーバーを増やすタイミングや、営業を加速させた時のサーバー台数における売り上げ予測をしていたんだそうですが、「開発部門は売り上げに関係が無い」と考えていた僕としては、この質問にあまり魅力を感じませんでした。
ただ、このプライマリーサーバーがダウン対策としてセカンダリとの2台でフェイルオーナー（冗長構成）でホットスタンバイして運用開始した半年後に数回のサーバーダウンを経験し、
見事にフェイルオーバーが正常動作せずにサービスを停止させてしまった事故がありました。
この時のユーザー数はなんと10社にも満たない状態で、サーバー負荷なのか、ハードウェアトラブルなのか全く原因も分からずじまいで事故が数件発生して、ようやくサーバー監視の重要性を理解し始めました。
サーバー監視で重要なポイントは2点
キチンとサーバー監視を行いたければ、そのサーバーで動いているプログラム群を理解する必要もあります。
どういう頻度で、その程度の負荷の処理が発生し、ライフサイクルはどのくらいなのかを理解し、アクセスするであろうユーザー数などを割り出し、秒間、分足、時足などの段階でサーバーのスペックをオーバーしていないかを理解するのが1点。
そして、実際のサーバーがどういう負価値を出しているかのロギングがもう1点。
この２つが分かってくれば、そのサービスが動作しているサーバーの適正スペックが理解できてきます。
もう少しCPUを増やしたほうがいいのか、メモリが足りていないのか、ストレージは何日（何ヶ月）ぐらいでいっぱいになるのか・・・
こうした視点でサーバー監視に取り組むと障害が発生しにくいサービス構築の基礎ができあがります。
あとはプログラムでの不具合がなくなれば、非常に安定したサービス提供ができるというワケです。
パスワードなどを聞いてくるコマンド対応
冒頭の話が長くなりましたが、今回のサーバー監視ポイントは「コマンド対話」です。
基本的にコマンドラインでなんでもできてしまうサーバー処理ですが、別サーバーにsshでアクセスした時にパスワードを聞いてきますが、これはバッチ処理でやるのは簡単にはできません。
また、インストールコマンドなどを実行した時に、選択肢を求められたり、インストール場所を入力しなければいけないような処理がたまにあります。
shellバッチなどを作成した時に、こういう対話コマンドに当たると、バッチ処理がその場で停止してしまいます。
これを解消してくれるのが「expect」というアプリケーションです。
サーバーにも簡単にインストールできるので、バッチサーバーなどを作って標準インストールしておくといいでしょう。
「expect」を使ってみよう
NAME
expect - programmed dialogue with interactive programs, Version 5
SYNOPSIS
expect [ -dDinN ] [ -c cmds ] [ [ -[f|b] ] cmdfile ] [ args ]
INTRODUCTION
Expect is a program that "talks" to other interactive programs according to a script. Following the script, Expect knows what can be expected from a program and what
the correct response should be. An interpreted language provides branching and high-level control structures to direct the dialogue. In addition, the user can take
control and interact directly when desired, afterward returning control to the script.
Expectk is a mixture of Expect and Tk. It behaves just like Expect and Tk's wish. Expect can also be used directly in C or C++ (that is, without Tcl). See libex‐
pect(3).
The name "Expect" comes from the idea of send/expect sequences popularized by uucp, kermit and other modem control programs. However unlike uucp, Expect is general‐
ized so that it can be run as a user-level command with any program and task in mind. Expect can actually talk to several programs at the same time.
For example, here are some things Expect can do:
· Cause your computer to dial you back, so that you can login without paying for the call.
· Start a game (e.g., rogue) and if the optimal configuration doesn't appear, restart it (again and again) until it does, then hand over control to you.
· Run fsck, and in response to its questions, answer "yes", "no" or give control back to you, based on predetermined criteria.
· Connect to another network or BBS (e.g., MCI Mail, CompuServe) and automatically retrieve your mail so that it appears as if it was originally sent to your
local system.
· Carry environment variables, current directory, or any kind of information across rlogin, telnet, tip, su, chgrp, etc.
There are a variety of reasons why the shell cannot perform these tasks. (Try, you'll see.) All are possible with Expect.
In general, Expect is useful for running any program which requires interaction between the program and the user. All that is necessary is that the interaction can be
characterized programmatically. Expect can also give the user back control (without halting the program being controlled) if desired. Similarly, the user can return
control to the script at any time.
USAGE
Expect reads cmdfile for a list of commands to execute. Expect may also be invoked implicitly on systems which support the #! notation by marking the script exe‐
cutable, and making the first line in your script:
#!/usr/bin/expect -f
Of course, the path must accurately describe where Expect lives. /usr/bin is just an example.
The -c flag prefaces a command to be executed before any in the script. The command should be quoted to prevent being broken up by the shell. This option may be used
multiple times. Multiple commands may be executed with a single -c by separating them with semicolons. Commands are executed in the order they appear. (When using
Expectk, this option is specified as -command.)
The -d flag enables some diagnostic output, which primarily reports internal activity of commands such as expect and interact. This flag has the same effect as
"exp_internal 1" at the beginning of an Expect script, plus the version of Expect is printed. (The strace command is useful for tracing statements, and the trace com‐
mand is useful for tracing variable assignments.) (When using Expectk, this option is specified as -diag.)
The -D flag enables an interactive debugger. An integer value should follow. The debugger will take control before the next Tcl procedure if the value is non-zero or
if a ^C is pressed (or a breakpoint is hit, or other appropriate debugger command appears in the script). See the README file or SEE ALSO (below) for more information
on the debugger. (When using Expectk, this option is specified as -Debug.)
The -f flag prefaces a file from which to read commands from. The flag itself is optional as it is only useful when using the #! notation (see above), so that other
arguments may be supplied on the command line. (When using Expectk, this option is specified as -file.)
By default, the command file is read into memory and executed in its entirety. It is occasionally desirable to read files one line at a time. For example, stdin is
read this way. In order to force arbitrary files to be handled this way, use the -b flag. (When using Expectk, this option is specified as -buffer.)Notethatstdio-
bufferingmaystilltakeplacehoweverthis shouldn't cause problems when reading from a fifo or stdin.
If the string "-" is supplied as a filename, standard input is read instead. (Use "./-" to read from a file actually named "-".)
The -i flag causes Expect to interactively prompt for commands instead of reading them from a file. Prompting is terminated via the exit command or upon EOF. See
interpreter (below) for more information. -i is assumed if neither a command file nor -c is used. (When using Expectk, this option is specified as -interactive.)
-- may be used to delimit the end of the options. This is useful if you want to pass an option-like argument to your script without it being interpreted by Expect.
This can usefully be placed in the #! line to prevent any flag-like interpretation by Expect. For example, the following will leave the original arguments (including
the script name) in the variable argv.
#!/usr/bin/expect --
Note that the usual getopt(3) and execve(2) conventions must be observed when adding arguments to the #! line.
The file $exp_library/expect.rc is sourced automatically if present, unless the -N flag is used. (When using Expectk, this option is specified as -NORC.) Immediately
after this, the file ~/.expect.rc is sourced automatically, unless the -n flag is used. If the environment variable DOTDIR is defined, it is treated as a directory
and .expect.rc is read from there. (When using Expectk, this option is specified as -norc.) This sourcing occurs only after executing any -c flags.
-v causes Expect to print its version number and exit. (The corresponding flag in Expectk, which uses long flag names, is -version.)
Optional args are constructed into a list and stored in the variable named argv. argc is initialized to the length of argv.
argv0 is defined to be the name of the script (or binary if no script is used). For example, the following prints out the name of the script and the first three argu‐
ments:
send_user "$argv0 [lrange $argv 0 2]\n"
COMMANDS
Expect uses Tcl (Tool Command Language). Tcl provides control flow (e.g., if, for, break), expression evaluation and several other features such as recursion, proce‐
dure definition, etc. Commands used here but not defined (e.g., set, if, exec) are Tcl commands (see tcl(3)). Expect supports additional commands, described below.
Unless otherwise specified, commands return the empty string.
Commands are listed alphabetically so that they can be quickly located. However, new users may find it easier to start by reading the descriptions of spawn, send,
expect, and interact, in that order.
Note that the best introduction to the language (both Expect and Tcl) is provided in the book "Exploring Expect" (see SEE ALSO below). Examples are included in this
man page but they are very limited since this man page is meant primarily as reference material.
Note that in the text of this man page, "Expect" with an uppercase "E" refers to the Expect program while "expect" with a lower-case "e" refers to the expect command
within the Expect program.)
close [-slave] [-onexec 0|1] [-i spawn_id]
closes the connection to the current process. Most interactive programs will detect EOF on their stdin and exit; thus close usually suffices to kill the process
as well. The -i flag declares the process to close corresponding to the named spawn_id.
Both expect and interact will detect when the current process exits and implicitly do a close. But if you kill the process by, say, "exec kill $pid", you will
need to explicitly call close.
The -onexec flag determines whether the spawn id will be closed in any new spawned processes or if the process is overlayed. To leave a spawn id open, use the
value 0. A non-zero integer value will force the spawn closed (the default) in any new processes.
The -slave flag closes the slave associated with the spawn id. (See "spawn -pty".) When the connection is closed, the slave is automatically closed as well if
still open.
No matter whether the connection is closed implicitly or explicitly, you should call wait to clear up the corresponding kernel process slot. close does not call
wait since there is no guarantee that closing a process connection will cause it to exit. See wait below for more info.
debug [[-now] 0|1]
controls a Tcl debugger allowing you to step through statements, set breakpoints, etc.
With no arguments, a 1 is returned if the debugger is not running, otherwise a 0 is returned.
With a 1 argument, the debugger is started. With a 0 argument, the debugger is stopped. If a 1 argument is preceded by the -now flag, the debugger is started
immediately (i.e., in the middle of the debug command itself). Otherwise, the debugger is started with the next Tcl statement.
The debug command does not change any traps. Compare this to starting Expect with the -D flag (see above).
See the README file or SEE ALSO (below) for more information on the debugger.
disconnect
disconnects a forked process from the terminal. It continues running in the background. The process is given its own process group (if possible). Standard I/O
is redirected to /dev/null.
The following fragment uses disconnect to continue running the script in the background.
if {[fork]!=0} exit
disconnect
. . .
The following script reads a password, and then runs a program every hour that demands a password each time it is run. The script supplies the password so that
you only have to type it once. (See the stty command which demonstrates how to turn off password echoing.)
send_user "password?\ "
expect_user -re "(.*)\n"
for {} 1 {} {
if {[fork]!=0} {sleep 3600;continue}
disconnect
spawn priv_prog
expect Password:
send "$expect_out(1,string)\r"
. . .
exit
}
An advantage to using disconnect over the shell asynchronous process feature (&) is that Expect can save the terminal parameters prior to disconnection, and then
later apply them to new ptys. With &, Expect does not have a chance to read the terminal's parameters since the terminal is already disconnected by the time
Expect receives control.
exit [-opts] [status]
causes Expect to exit or otherwise prepare to do so.
The -onexit flag causes the next argument to be used as an exit handler. Without an argument, the current exit handler is returned.
The -noexit flag causes Expect to prepare to exit but stop short of actually returning control to the operating system. The user-defined exit handler is run as
well as Expect's own internal handlers. No further Expect commands should be executed. This is useful if you are running Expect with other Tcl extensions. The
current interpreter (and main window if in the Tk environment) remain so that other Tcl extensions can clean up. If Expect's exit is called again (however this
might occur), the handlers are not rerun.
Upon exiting, all connections to spawned processes are closed. Closure will be detected as an EOF by spawned processes. exit takes no other actions beyond what
the normal _exit(2) procedure does. Thus, spawned processes that do not check for EOF may continue to run. (A variety of conditions are important to determin‐
ing, for example, what signals a spawned process will be sent, but these are system-dependent, typically documented under exit(3).) Spawned processes that con‐
tinue to run will be inherited by init.
status (or 0 if not specified) is returned as the exit status of Expect. exit is implicitly executed if the end of the script is reached.
exp_continue [-continue_timer]
The command exp_continue allows expect itself to continue executing rather than returning as it normally would. By default exp_continue resets the timeout timer.
The -continue_timer flag prevents timer from being restarted. (See expect for more information.)
exp_internal [-f file] value
causes further commands to send diagnostic information internal to Expect to stderr if value is non-zero. This output is disabled if value is 0. The diagnostic
information includes every character received, and every attempt made to match the current output against the patterns.
If the optional file is supplied, all normal and debugging output is written to that file (regardless of the value of value). Any previous diagnostic output
file is closed.
The -info flag causes exp_internal to return a description of the most recent non-info arguments given.
exp_open [args] [-i spawn_id]
returns a Tcl file identifier that corresponds to the original spawn id. The file identifier can then be used as if it were opened by Tcl's open command. (The
spawn id should no longer be used. A wait should not be executed.
The -leaveopen flag leaves the spawn id open for access through Expect commands. A wait must be executed on the spawn id.
exp_pid [-i spawn_id]
returns the process id corresponding to the currently spawned process. If the -i flag is used, the pid returned corresponds to that of the given spawn id.
exp_send
is an alias for send.
exp_send_error
is an alias for send_error.
exp_send_log
is an alias for send_log.
exp_send_tty
is an alias for send_tty.
exp_send_user
is an alias for send_user.
exp_version [[-exit] version]
is useful for assuring that the script is compatible with the current version of Expect.
With no arguments, the current version of Expect is returned. This version may then be encoded in your script. If you actually know that you are not using fea‐
tures of recent versions, you can specify an earlier version.
Versions consist of three numbers separated by dots. First is the major number. Scripts written for versions of Expect with a different major number will
almost certainly not work. exp_version returns an error if the major numbers do not match.
Second is the minor number. Scripts written for a version with a greater minor number than the current version may depend upon some new feature and might not
run. exp_version returns an error if the major numbers match, but the script minor number is greater than that of the running Expect.
Third is a number that plays no part in the version comparison. However, it is incremented when the Expect software distribution is changed in any way, such as
by additional documentation or optimization. It is reset to 0 upon each new minor version.
With the -exit flag, Expect prints an error and exits if the version is out of date.
expect [[-opts] pat1 body1] ... [-opts] patn [bodyn]
waits until one of the patterns matches the output of a spawned process, a specified time period has passed, or an end-of-file is seen. If the final body is
empty, it may be omitted.
Patterns from the most recent expect_before command are implicitly used before any other patterns. Patterns from the most recent expect_after command are
implicitly used after any other patterns.
If the arguments to the entire expect statement require more than one line, all the arguments may be "braced" into one so as to avoid terminating each line with
a backslash. In this one case, the usual Tcl substitutions will occur despite the braces.
If a pattern is the keyword eof, the corresponding body is executed upon end-of-file. If a pattern is the keyword timeout, the corresponding body is executed
upon timeout. If no timeout keyword is used, an implicit null action is executed upon timeout. The default timeout period is 10 seconds but may be set, for
example to 30, by the command "set timeout 30". An infinite timeout may be designated by the value -1. If a pattern is the keyword default, the corresponding
body is executed upon either timeout or end-of-file.
If a pattern matches, then the corresponding body is executed. expect returns the result of the body (or the empty string if no pattern matched). In the event
that multiple patterns match, the one appearing first is used to select a body.
Each time new output arrives, it is compared to each pattern in the order they are listed. Thus, you may test for absence of a match by making the last pattern
something guaranteed to appear, such as a prompt. In situations where there is no prompt, you must use timeout (just like you would if you were interacting man‐
ually).
Patterns are specified in three ways. By default, patterns are specified as with Tcl's string match command. (Such patterns are also similar to C-shell regular
expressions usually referred to as "glob" patterns). The -gl flag may may be used to protect patterns that might otherwise match expect flags from doing so.
Any pattern beginning with a "-" should be protected this way. (All strings starting with "-" are reserved for future options.)
For example, the following fragment looks for a successful login. (Note that abort is presumed to be a procedure defined elsewhere in the script.)
expect {
busy {puts busy\n ; exp_continue}
failed abort
"invalid password" abort
timeout abort
connected
}
Quotes are necessary on the fourth pattern since it contains a space, which would otherwise separate the pattern from the action. Patterns with the same action
(such as the 3rd and 4th) require listing the actions again. This can be avoid by using regexp-style patterns (see below). More information on forming glob-
style patterns can be found in the Tcl manual.
Regexp-style patterns follow the syntax defined by Tcl's regexp (short for "regular expression") command. regexp patterns are introduced with the flag -re. The
previous example can be rewritten using a regexp as:
expect {
busy {puts busy\n ; exp_continue}
-re "failed|invalid password" abort
timeout abort
connected
}
Both types of patterns are "unanchored". This means that patterns do not have to match the entire string, but can begin and end the match anywhere in the string
(as long as everything else matches). Use ^ to match the beginning of a string, and $ to match the end. Note that if you do not wait for the end of a string,
your responses can easily end up in the middle of the string as they are echoed from the spawned process. While still producing correct results, the output can
look unnatural. Thus, use of $ is encouraged if you can exactly describe the characters at the end of a string.
Note that in many editors, the ^ and $ match the beginning and end of lines respectively. However, because expect is not line oriented, these characters match
the beginning and end of the data (as opposed to lines) currently in the expect matching buffer. (Also, see the note below on "system indigestion.")
The -ex flag causes the pattern to be matched as an "exact" string. No interpretation of *, ^, etc is made (although the usual Tcl conventions must still be
observed). Exact patterns are always unanchored.
The -nocase flag causes uppercase characters of the output to compare as if they were lowercase characters. The pattern is not affected.
While reading output, more than 2000 bytes can force earlier bytes to be "forgotten". This may be changed with the function match_max. (Note that excessively
large values can slow down the pattern matcher.) If patlist is full_buffer, the corresponding body is executed if match_max bytes have been received and no
other patterns have matched. Whether or not the full_buffer keyword is used, the forgotten characters are written to expect_out(buffer).
If patlist is the keyword null, and nulls are allowed (via the remove_nulls command), the corresponding body is executed if a single ASCII 0 is matched. It is
not possible to match 0 bytes via glob or regexp patterns.
Upon matching a pattern (or eof or full_buffer), any matching and previously unmatched output is saved in the variable expect_out(buffer). Up to 9 regexp sub‐
string matches are saved in the variables expect_out(1,string) through expect_out(9,string). If the -indices flag is used before a pattern, the starting and
ending indices (in a form suitable for lrange) of the 10 strings are stored in the variables expect_out(X,start) and expect_out(X,end) where X is a digit, corre‐
sponds to the substring position in the buffer. 0 refers to strings which matched the entire pattern and is generated for glob patterns as well as regexp pat‐
terns. For example, if a process has produced output of "abcdefgh\n", the result of:
expect "cd"
is as if the following statements had executed:
set expect_out(0,string) cd
set expect_out(buffer) abcd
and "efgh\n" is left in the output buffer. If a process produced the output "abbbcabkkkka\n", the result of:
expect -indices -re "b(b*).*(k+)"
is as if the following statements had executed:
set expect_out(0,start) 1
set expect_out(0,end) 10
set expect_out(0,string) bbbcabkkkk
set expect_out(1,start) 2
set expect_out(1,end) 3
set expect_out(1,string) bb
set expect_out(2,start) 10
set expect_out(2,end) 10
set expect_out(2,string) k
set expect_out(buffer) abbbcabkkkk
and "a\n" is left in the output buffer. The pattern "*" (and -re ".*") will flush the output buffer without reading any more output from the process.
Normally, the matched output is discarded from Expect's internal buffers. This may be prevented by prefixing a pattern with the -notransfer flag. This flag is
especially useful in experimenting (and can be abbreviated to "-not" for convenience while experimenting).
The spawn id associated with the matching output (or eof or full_buffer) is stored in expect_out(spawn_id).
The -timeout flag causes the current expect command to use the following value as a timeout instead of using the value of the timeout variable.
By default, patterns are matched against output from the current process, however the -i flag declares the output from the named spawn_id list be matched against
any following patterns (up to the next -i). The spawn_id list should either be a whitespace separated list of spawn_ids or a variable referring to such a list
of spawn_ids.
For example, the following example waits for "connected" from the current process, or "busy", "failed" or "invalid password" from the spawn_id named by $proc2.
expect {
-i $proc2 busy {puts busy\n ; exp_continue}
-re "failed|invalid password" abort
timeout abort
connected
}
The value of the global variable any_spawn_id may be used to match patterns to any spawn_ids that are named with all other -i flags in the current expect com‐
mand. The spawn_id from a -i flag with no associated pattern (i.e., followed immediately by another -i) is made available to any other patterns in the same
expect command associated with any_spawn_id.
The -i flag may also name a global variable in which case the variable is read for a list of spawn ids. The variable is reread whenever it changes. This pro‐
vides a way of changing the I/O source while the command is in execution. Spawn ids provided this way are called "indirect" spawn ids.
Actions such as break and continue cause control structures (i.e., for, proc) to behave in the usual way. The command exp_continue allows expect itself to con‐
tinue executing rather than returning as it normally would.
This is useful for avoiding explicit loops or repeated expect statements. The following example is part of a fragment to automate rlogin. The exp_continue
avoids having to write a second expect statement (to look for the prompt again) if the rlogin prompts for a password.
expect {
Password: {
stty -echo
send_user "password (for $user) on $host: "
expect_user -re "(.*)\n"
send_user "\n"
send "$expect_out(1,string)\r"
stty echo
exp_continue
} incorrect {
send_user "invalid password or account\n"
exit
} timeout {
send_user "connection to $host timed out\n"
exit
} eof {
send_user \
"connection to host failed: $expect_out(buffer)"
exit
} -re $prompt
}
For example, the following fragment might help a user guide an interaction that is already totally automated. In this case, the terminal is put into raw mode.
If the user presses "+", a variable is incremented. If "p" is pressed, several returns are sent to the process, perhaps to poke it in some way, and "i" lets the
user interact with the process, effectively stealing away control from the script. In each case, the exp_continue allows the current expect to continue pattern
matching after executing the current action.
stty raw -echo
expect_after {
-i $user_spawn_id
"p" {send "\r\r\r"; exp_continue}
"+" {incr foo; exp_continue}
"i" {interact; exp_continue}
"quit" exit
}
By default, exp_continue resets the timeout timer. The timer is not restarted, if exp_continue is called with the -continue_timer flag.
expect_after [expect_args]
works identically to the expect_before except that if patterns from both expect and expect_after can match, the expect pattern is used. See the expect_before
command for more information.
expect_background [expect_args]
takes the same arguments as expect, however it returns immediately. Patterns are tested whenever new input arrives. The pattern timeout and default are mean‐
ingless to expect_background and are silently discarded. Otherwise, the expect_background command uses expect_before and expect_after patterns just like expect
does.
When expect_background actions are being evaluated, background processing for the same spawn id is blocked. Background processing is unblocked when the action
completes. While background processing is blocked, it is possible to do a (foreground) expect on the same spawn id.
It is not possible to execute an expect while an expect_background is unblocked. expect_background for a particular spawn id is deleted by declaring a new
expect_background with the same spawn id. Declaring expect_background with no pattern removes the given spawn id from the ability to match patterns in the back‐
ground.
expect_before [expect_args]
takes the same arguments as expect, however it returns immediately. Pattern-action pairs from the most recent expect_before with the same spawn id are implic‐
itly added to any following expect commands. If a pattern matches, it is treated as if it had been specified in the expect command itself, and the associated
body is executed in the context of the expect command. If patterns from both expect_before and expect can match, the expect_before pattern is used.
If no pattern is specified, the spawn id is not checked for any patterns.
Unless overridden by a -i flag, expect_before patterns match against the spawn id defined at the time that the expect_before command was executed (not when its
pattern is matched).
The -info flag causes expect_before to return the current specifications of what patterns it will match. By default, it reports on the current spawn id. An
optional spawn id specification may be given for information on that spawn id. For example
expect_before -info -i $proc
At most one spawn id specification may be given. The flag -indirect suppresses direct spawn ids that come only from indirect specifications.
Instead of a spawn id specification, the flag "-all" will cause "-info" to report on all spawn ids.
The output of the -info flag can be reused as the argument to expect_before.
expect_tty [expect_args]
is like expect but it reads characters from /dev/tty (i.e. keystrokes from the user). By default, reading is performed in cooked mode. Thus, lines must end
with a return in order for expect to see them. This may be changed via stty (see the stty command below).
expect_user [expect_args]
is like expect but it reads characters from stdin (i.e. keystrokes from the user). By default, reading is performed in cooked mode. Thus, lines must end with a
return in order for expect to see them. This may be changed via stty (see the stty command below).
fork creates a new process. The new process is an exact copy of the current Expect process. On success, fork returns 0 to the new (child) process and returns the
process ID of the child process to the parent process. On failure (invariably due to lack of resources, e.g., swap space, memory), fork returns -1 to the parent
process, and no child process is created.
Forked processes exit via the exit command, just like the original process. Forked processes are allowed to write to the log files. If you do not disable
debugging or logging in most of the processes, the result can be confusing.
Some pty implementations may be confused by multiple readers and writers, even momentarily. Thus, it is safest to fork before spawning processes.
interact [string1 body1] ... [stringn [bodyn]]
gives control of the current process to the user, so that keystrokes are sent to the current process, and the stdout and stderr of the current process are
returned.
String-body pairs may be specified as arguments, in which case the body is executed when the corresponding string is entered. (By default, the string is not
sent to the current process.) The interpreter command is assumed, if the final body is missing.
If the arguments to the entire interact statement require more than one line, all the arguments may be "braced" into one so as to avoid terminating each line
with a backslash. In this one case, the usual Tcl substitutions will occur despite the braces.
For example, the following command runs interact with the following string-body pairs defined: When ^Z is pressed, Expect is suspended. (The -reset flag
restores the terminal modes.) When ^A is pressed, the user sees "you typed a control-A" and the process is sent a ^A. When $ is pressed, the user sees the
date. When ^C is pressed, Expect exits. If "foo" is entered, the user sees "bar". When ~~ is pressed, the Expect interpreter runs interactively.
set CTRLZ \032
interact {
-reset $CTRLZ {exec kill -STOP [pid]}
\001 {send_user "you typed a control-A\n";
send "\001"
}
$ {send_user "The date is [clock format [clock seconds]]."}
\003 exit
foo {send_user "bar"}
~~
}
In string-body pairs, strings are matched in the order they are listed as arguments. Strings that partially match are not sent to the current process in antici‐
pation of the remainder coming. If characters are then entered such that there can no longer possibly be a match, only the part of the string will be sent to
the process that cannot possibly begin another match. Thus, strings that are substrings of partial matches can match later, if the original strings that was
attempting to be match ultimately fails.
By default, string matching is exact with no wild cards. (In contrast, the expect command uses glob-style patterns by default.) The -ex flag may be used to
protect patterns that might otherwise match interact flags from doing so. Any pattern beginning with a "-" should be protected this way. (All strings start‐
ing with "-" are reserved for future options.)
The -re flag forces the string to be interpreted as a regexp-style pattern. In this case, matching substrings are stored in the variable interact_out similarly
to the way expect stores its output in the variable expect_out. The -indices flag is similarly supported.
The pattern eof introduces an action that is executed upon end-of-file. A separate eof pattern may also follow the -output flag in which case it is matched if
an eof is detected while writing output. The default eof action is "return", so that interact simply returns upon any EOF.
The pattern timeout introduces a timeout (in seconds) and action that is executed after no characters have been read for a given time. The timeout pattern
applies to the most recently specified process. There is no default timeout. The special variable "timeout" (used by the expect command) has no affect on this
timeout.
For example, the following statement could be used to autologout users who have not typed anything for an hour but who still get frequent system messages:
interact -input $user_spawn_id timeout 3600 return -output \
$spawn_id
If the pattern is the keyword null, and nulls are allowed (via the remove_nulls command), the corresponding body is executed if a single ASCII 0 is matched. It
is not possible to match 0 bytes via glob or regexp patterns.
Prefacing a pattern with the flag -iwrite causes the variable interact_out(spawn_id) to be set to the spawn_id which matched the pattern (or eof).
Actions such as break and continue cause control structures (i.e., for, proc) to behave in the usual way. However return causes interact to return to its call‐
er, while inter_return causes interact to cause a return in its caller. For example, if "proc foo" called interact which then executed the action inter_return,
proc foo would return. (This means that if interact calls interpreter interactively typing return will cause the interact to continue, while inter_return will
cause the interact to return to its caller.)
During interact, raw mode is used so that all characters may be passed to the current process. If the current process does not catch job control signals, it
will stop if sent a stop signal (by default ^Z). To restart it, send a continue signal (such as by "kill -CONT <pid>"). If you really want to send a SIGSTOP to
such a process (by ^Z), consider spawning csh first and then running your program. On the other hand, if you want to send a SIGSTOP to Expect itself, first call
interpreter (perhaps by using an escape character), and then press ^Z.
String-body pairs can be used as a shorthand for avoiding having to enter the interpreter and execute commands interactively. The previous terminal mode is used
while the body of a string-body pair is being executed.
For speed, actions execute in raw mode by default. The -reset flag resets the terminal to the mode it had before interact was executed (invariably, cooked
mode). Note that characters entered when the mode is being switched may be lost (an unfortunate feature of the terminal driver on some systems). The only rea‐
son to use -reset is if your action depends on running in cooked mode.
The -echo flag sends characters that match the following pattern back to the process that generated them as each character is read. This may be useful when the
user needs to see feedback from partially typed patterns.
If a pattern is being echoed but eventually fails to match, the characters are sent to the spawned process. If the spawned process then echoes them, the user
will see the characters twice. -echo is probably only appropriate in situations where the user is unlikely to not complete the pattern. For example, the fol‐
lowing excerpt is from rftp, the recursive-ftp script, where the user is prompted to enter ~g, ~p, or ~l, to get, put, or list the current directory recursively.
These are so far away from the normal ftp commands, that the user is unlikely to type ~ followed by anything else, except mistakenly, in which case, they'll
probably just ignore the result anyway.
interact {
-echo ~g {getcurdirectory 1}
-echo ~l {getcurdirectory 0}
-echo ~p {putcurdirectory}
}
The -nobuffer flag sends characters that match the following pattern on to the output process as characters are read.
This is useful when you wish to let a program echo back the pattern. For example, the following might be used to monitor where a person is dialing (a Hayes-
style modem). Each time "atd" is seen the script logs the rest of the line.
proc lognumber {} {
interact -nobuffer -re "(.*)\r" return
puts $log "[clock format [clock seconds]]: dialed $interact_out(1,string)"
}
interact -nobuffer "atd" lognumber
During interact, previous use of log_user is ignored. In particular, interact will force its output to be logged (sent to the standard output) since it is pre‐
sumed the user doesn't wish to interact blindly.
The -o flag causes any following key-body pairs to be applied to the output of the current process. This can be useful, for example, when dealing with hosts
that send unwanted characters during a telnet session.
By default, interact expects the user to be writing stdin and reading stdout of the Expect process itself. The -u flag (for "user") makes interact look for the
user as the process named by its argument (which must be a spawned id).
This allows two unrelated processes to be joined together without using an explicit loop. To aid in debugging, Expect diagnostics always go to stderr (or stdout
for certain logging and debugging information). For the same reason, the interpreter command will read interactively from stdin.
For example, the following fragment creates a login process. Then it dials the user (not shown), and finally connects the two together. Of course, any process
may be substituted for login. A shell, for example, would allow the user to work without supplying an account and password.
spawn login
set login $spawn_id
spawn tip modem
# dial back out to user
# connect user to login
interact -u $login
To send output to multiple processes, list each spawn id list prefaced by a -output flag. Input for a group of output spawn ids may be determined by a spawn id
list prefaced by a -input flag. (Both -input and -output may take lists in the same form as the -i flag in the expect command, except that any_spawn_id is not
meaningful in interact.) All following flags and strings (or patterns) apply to this input until another -input flag appears. If no -input appears, -output
implies "-input $user_spawn_id -output". (Similarly, with patterns that do not have -input.) If one -input is specified, it overrides $user_spawn_id. If a
second -input is specified, it overrides $spawn_id. Additional -input flags may be specified.
The two implied input processes default to having their outputs specified as $spawn_id and $user_spawn_id (in reverse). If a -input flag appears with no -output
flag, characters from that process are discarded.
The -i flag introduces a replacement for the current spawn_id when no other -input or -output flags are used. A -i flag implies a -o flag.
It is possible to change the processes that are being interacted with by using indirect spawn ids. (Indirect spawn ids are described in the section on the
expect command.) Indirect spawn ids may be specified with the -i, -u, -input, or -output flags.
interpreter [args]
causes the user to be interactively prompted for Expect and Tcl commands. The result of each command is printed.
Actions such as break and continue cause control structures (i.e., for, proc) to behave in the usual way. However return causes interpreter to return to its
caller, while inter_return causes interpreter to cause a return in its caller. For example, if "proc foo" called interpreter which then executed the action
inter_return, proc foo would return. Any other command causes interpreter to continue prompting for new commands.
By default, the prompt contains two integers. The first integer describes the depth of the evaluation stack (i.e., how many times Tcl_Eval has been called).
The second integer is the Tcl history identifier. The prompt can be set by defining a procedure called "prompt1" whose return value becomes the next prompt. If
a statement has open quotes, parens, braces, or brackets, a secondary prompt (by default "+> ") is issued upon newline. The secondary prompt may be set by
defining a procedure called "prompt2".
During interpreter, cooked mode is used, even if the its caller was using raw mode.
If stdin is closed, interpreter will return unless the -eof flag is used, in which case the subsequent argument is invoked.
log_file [args] [[-a] file]
If a filename is provided, log_file will record a transcript of the session (beginning at that point) in the file. log_file will stop recording if no argument
is given. Any previous log file is closed.
Instead of a filename, a Tcl file identifier may be provided by using the -open or -leaveopen flags. This is similar to the spawn command. (See spawn for more
info.)
The -a flag forces output to be logged that was suppressed by the log_user command.
By default, the log_file command appends to old files rather than truncating them, for the convenience of being able to turn logging off and on multiple times in
one session. To truncate files, use the -noappend flag.
The -info flag causes log_file to return a description of the most recent non-info arguments given.
log_user -info|0|1
By default, the send/expect dialogue is logged to stdout (and a logfile if open). The logging to stdout is disabled by the command "log_user 0" and reenabled by
"log_user 1". Logging to the logfile is unchanged.
The -info flag causes log_user to return a description of the most recent non-info arguments given.
match_max [-d] [-i spawn_id] [size]
defines the size of the buffer (in bytes) used internally by expect. With no size argument, the current size is returned.
With the -d flag, the default size is set. (The initial default is 2000.) With the -i flag, the size is set for the named spawn id, otherwise it is set for the
current process.
overlay [-# spawn_id] [-# spawn_id] [...] program [args]
executes program args in place of the current Expect program, which terminates. A bare hyphen argument forces a hyphen in front of the command name as if it was
a login shell. All spawn_ids are closed except for those named as arguments. These are mapped onto the named file identifiers.
Spawn_ids are mapped to file identifiers for the new program to inherit. For example, the following line runs chess and allows it to be controlled by the cur‐
rent process - say, a chess master.
overlay -0 $spawn_id -1 $spawn_id -2 $spawn_id chess
This is more efficient than "interact -u", however, it sacrifices the ability to do programmed interaction since the Expect process is no longer in control.
Note that no controlling terminal is provided. Thus, if you disconnect or remap standard input, programs that do job control (shells, login, etc) will not func‐
tion properly.
parity [-d] [-i spawn_id] [value]
defines whether parity should be retained or stripped from the output of spawned processes. If value is zero, parity is stripped, otherwise it is not stripped.
With no value argument, the current value is returned.
With the -d flag, the default parity value is set. (The initial default is 1, i.e., parity is not stripped.) With the -i flag, the parity value is set for the
named spawn id, otherwise it is set for the current process.
remove_nulls [-d] [-i spawn_id] [value]
defines whether nulls are retained or removed from the output of spawned processes before pattern matching or storing in the variable expect_out or interact_out.
If value is 1, nulls are removed. If value is 0, nulls are not removed. With no value argument, the current value is returned.
With the -d flag, the default value is set. (The initial default is 1, i.e., nulls are removed.) With the -i flag, the value is set for the named spawn id,
otherwise it is set for the current process.
Whether or not nulls are removed, Expect will record null bytes to the log and stdout.
send [-flags] string
Sends string to the current process. For example, the command
send "hello world\r"
sends the characters, h e l l o <blank> w o r l d <return> to the current process. (Tcl includes a printf-like command (called format) which can build arbitrar‐
ily complex strings.)
Characters are sent immediately although programs with line-buffered input will not read the characters until a return character is sent. A return character is
denoted "\r".
The -- flag forces the next argument to be interpreted as a string rather than a flag. Any string can be preceded by "--" whether or not it actually looks like
a flag. This provides a reliable mechanism to specify variable strings without being tripped up by those that accidentally look like flags. (All strings start‐
ing with "-" are reserved for future options.)
The -i flag declares that the string be sent to the named spawn_id. If the spawn_id is user_spawn_id, and the terminal is in raw mode, newlines in the string
are translated to return-newline sequences so that they appear as if the terminal was in cooked mode. The -raw flag disables this translation.
The -null flag sends null characters (0 bytes). By default, one null is sent. An integer may follow the -null to indicate how many nulls to send.
The -break flag generates a break condition. This only makes sense if the spawn id refers to a tty device opened via "spawn -open". If you have spawned a
process such as tip, you should use tip's convention for generating a break.
The -s flag forces output to be sent "slowly", thus avoid the common situation where a computer outtypes an input buffer that was designed for a human who would
never outtype the same buffer. This output is controlled by the value of the variable "send_slow" which takes a two element list. The first element is an inte‐
ger that describes the number of bytes to send atomically. The second element is a real number that describes the number of seconds by which the atomic sends
must be separated. For example, "set send_slow {10 .001}" would force "send -s" to send strings with 1 millisecond in between each 10 characters sent.
The -h flag forces output to be sent (somewhat) like a human actually typing. Human-like delays appear between the characters. (The algorithm is based upon a
Weibull distribution, with modifications to suit this particular application.) This output is controlled by the value of the variable "send_human" which takes a
five element list. The first two elements are average interarrival time of characters in seconds. The first is used by default. The second is used at word
endings, to simulate the subtle pauses that occasionally occur at such transitions. The third parameter is a measure of variability where .1 is quite variable,
1 is reasonably variable, and 10 is quite invariable. The extremes are 0 to infinity. The last two parameters are, respectively, a minimum and maximum interar‐
rival time. The minimum and maximum are used last and "clip" the final time. The ultimate average can be quite different from the given average if the minimum
and maximum clip enough values.
As an example, the following command emulates a fast and consistent typist:
set send_human {.1 .3 1 .05 2}
send -h "I'm hungry. Let's do lunch."
while the following might be more suitable after a hangover:
set send_human {.4 .4 .2 .5 100}
send -h "Goodd party lash night!"
Note that errors are not simulated, although you can set up error correction situations yourself by embedding mistakes and corrections in a send argument.
The flags for sending null characters, for sending breaks, for forcing slow output and for human-style output are mutually exclusive. Only the one specified last
will be used. Furthermore, no string argument can be specified with the flags for sending null characters or breaks.
It is a good idea to precede the first send to a process by an expect. expect will wait for the process to start, while send cannot. In particular, if the
first send completes before the process starts running, you run the risk of having your data ignored. In situations where interactive programs offer no initial
prompt, you can precede send by a delay as in:
# To avoid giving hackers hints on how to break in,
# this system does not prompt for an external password.
# Wait for 5 seconds for exec to complete
spawn telnet very.secure.gov
sleep 5
send password\r
exp_send is an alias for send. If you are using Expectk or some other variant of Expect in the Tk environment, send is defined by Tk for an entirely different
purpose. exp_send is provided for compatibility between environments. Similar aliases are provided for other Expect's other send commands.
send_error [-flags] string
is like send, except that the output is sent to stderr rather than the current process.
send_log [--] string
is like send, except that the string is only sent to the log file (see log_file.) The arguments are ignored if no log file is open.
send_tty [-flags] string
is like send, except that the output is sent to /dev/tty rather than the current process.
send_user [-flags] string
is like send, except that the output is sent to stdout rather than the current process.
sleep seconds
causes the script to sleep for the given number of seconds. Seconds may be a decimal number. Interrupts (and Tk events if you are using Expectk) are processed
while Expect sleeps.
spawn [args] program [args]
creates a new process running program args. Its stdin, stdout and stderr are connected to Expect, so that they may be read and written by other Expect commands.
The connection is broken by close or if the process itself closes any of the file identifiers.
When a process is started by spawn, the variable spawn_id is set to a descriptor referring to that process. The process described by spawn_id is considered the
current process. spawn_id may be read or written, in effect providing job control.
user_spawn_id is a global variable containing a descriptor which refers to the user. For example, when spawn_id is set to this value, expect behaves like
expect_user.
error_spawn_id is a global variable containing a descriptor which refers to the standard error. For example, when spawn_id is set to this value, send behaves
like send_error.
tty_spawn_id is a global variable containing a descriptor which refers to /dev/tty. If /dev/tty does not exist (such as in a cron, at, or batch script), then
tty_spawn_id is not defined. This may be tested as:
if {[info vars tty_spawn_id]} {
# /dev/tty exists
} else {
# /dev/tty doesn't exist
# probably in cron, batch, or at script
}
spawn returns the UNIX process id. If no process is spawned, 0 is returned. The variable spawn_out(slave,name) is set to the name of the pty slave device.
By default, spawn echoes the command name and arguments. The -noecho flag stops spawn from doing this.
The -console flag causes console output to be redirected to the spawned process. This is not supported on all systems.
Internally, spawn uses a pty, initialized the same way as the user's tty. This is further initialized so that all settings are "sane" (according to stty(1)).
If the variable stty_init is defined, it is interpreted in the style of stty arguments as further configuration. For example, "set stty_init raw" will cause
further spawned processes's terminals to start in raw mode. -nottycopy skips the initialization based on the user's tty. -nottyinit skips the "sane" initial‐
ization.
Normally, spawn takes little time to execute. If you notice spawn taking a significant amount of time, it is probably encountering ptys that are wedged. A num‐
ber of tests are run on ptys to avoid entanglements with errant processes. (These take 10 seconds per wedged pty.) Running Expect with the -d option will show
if Expect is encountering many ptys in odd states. If you cannot kill the processes to which these ptys are attached, your only recourse may be to reboot.
If program cannot be spawned successfully because exec(2) fails (e.g. when program doesn't exist), an error message will be returned by the next interact or
expect command as if program had run and produced the error message as output. This behavior is a natural consequence of the implementation of spawn. Inter‐
nally, spawn forks, after which the spawned process has no way to communicate with the original Expect process except by communication via the spawn_id.
The -open flag causes the next argument to be interpreted as a Tcl file identifier (i.e., returned by open.) The spawn id can then be used as if it were a
spawned process. (The file identifier should no longer be used.) This lets you treat raw devices, files, and pipelines as spawned processes without using a
pty. 0 is returned to indicate there is no associated process. When the connection to the spawned process is closed, so is the Tcl file identifier. The
-leaveopen flag is similar to -open except that -leaveopen causes the file identifier to be left open even after the spawn id is closed.
The -pty flag causes a pty to be opened but no process spawned. 0 is returned to indicate there is no associated process. Spawn_id is set as usual.
The variable spawn_out(slave,fd) is set to a file identifier corresponding to the pty slave. It can be closed using "close -slave".
The -ignore flag names a signal to be ignored in the spawned process. Otherwise, signals get the default behavior. Signals are named as in the trap command,
except that each signal requires a separate flag.
strace level
causes following statements to be printed before being executed. (Tcl's trace command traces variables.) level indicates how far down in the call stack to
trace. For example, the following command runs Expect while tracing the first 4 levels of calls, but none below that.
expect -c "strace 4" script.exp
The -info flag causes strace to return a description of the most recent non-info arguments given.
stty args
changes terminal modes similarly to the external stty command.
By default, the controlling terminal is accessed. Other terminals can be accessed by appending "< /dev/tty..." to the command. (Note that the arguments should
not be grouped into a single argument.)
Requests for status return it as the result of the command. If no status is requested and the controlling terminal is accessed, the previous status of the raw
and echo attributes are returned in a form which can later be used by the command.
For example, the arguments raw or -cooked put the terminal into raw mode. The arguments -raw or cooked put the terminal into cooked mode. The arguments echo
and -echo put the terminal into echo and noecho mode respectively.
The following example illustrates how to temporarily disable echoing. This could be used in otherwise-automatic scripts to avoid embedding passwords in them.
(See more discussion on this under EXPECT HINTS below.)
stty -echo
send_user "Password: "
expect_user -re "(.*)\n"
set password $expect_out(1,string)
stty echo
system args
gives args to sh(1) as input, just as if it had been typed as a command from a terminal. Expect waits until the shell terminates. The return status from sh is
handled the same way that exec handles its return status.
In contrast to exec which redirects stdin and stdout to the script, system performs no redirection (other than that indicated by the string itself). Thus, it is
possible to use programs which must talk directly to /dev/tty. For the same reason, the results of system are not recorded in the log.
timestamp [args]
returns a timestamp. With no arguments, the number of seconds since the epoch is returned.
The -format flag introduces a string which is returned but with substitutions made according to the POSIX rules for strftime. For example %a is replaced by an
abbreviated weekday name (i.e., Sat). Others are:
%a abbreviated weekday name
%A full weekday name
%b abbreviated month name
%B full month name
%c date-time as in: Wed Oct 6 11:45:56 1993
%d day of the month (01-31)
%H hour (00-23)
%I hour (01-12)
%j day (001-366)
%m month (01-12)
%M minute (00-59)
%p am or pm
%S second (00-61)
%u day (1-7, Monday is first day of week)
%U week (00-53, first Sunday is first day of week one)
%V week (01-53, ISO 8601 style)
%w day (0-6)
%W week (00-53, first Monday is first day of week one)
%x date-time as in: Wed Oct 6 1993
%X time as in: 23:59:59
%y year (00-99)
%Y year as in: 1993
%Z timezone (or nothing if not determinable)
%% a bare percent sign
Other % specifications are undefined. Other characters will be passed through untouched. Only the C locale is supported.
The -seconds flag introduces a number of seconds since the epoch to be used as a source from which to format. Otherwise, the current time is used.
The -gmt flag forces timestamp output to use the GMT timezone. With no flag, the local timezone is used.
trap [[command] signals]
causes the given command to be executed upon future receipt of any of the given signals. The command is executed in the global scope. If command is absent, the
signal action is returned. If command is the string SIG_IGN, the signals are ignored. If command is the string SIG_DFL, the signals are result to the system
default. signals is either a single signal or a list of signals. Signals may be specified numerically or symbolically as per signal(3). The "SIG" prefix may
be omitted.
With no arguments (or the argument -number), trap returns the signal number of the trap command currently being executed.
The -code flag uses the return code of the command in place of whatever code Tcl was about to return when the command originally started running.
The -interp flag causes the command to be evaluated using the interpreter active at the time the command started running rather than when the trap was declared.
The -name flag causes the trap command to return the signal name of the trap command currently being executed.
The -max flag causes the trap command to return the largest signal number that can be set.
For example, the command "trap {send_user "Ouch!"} SIGINT" will print "Ouch!" each time the user presses ^C.
By default, SIGINT (which can usually be generated by pressing ^C) and SIGTERM cause Expect to exit. This is due to the following trap, created by default when
Expect starts.
trap exit {SIGINT SIGTERM}
If you use the -D flag to start the debugger, SIGINT is redefined to start the interactive debugger. This is due to the following trap:
trap {exp_debug 1} SIGINT
The debugger trap can be changed by setting the environment variable EXPECT_DEBUG_INIT to a new trap command.
You can, of course, override both of these just by adding trap commands to your script. In particular, if you have your own "trap exit SIGINT", this will over‐
ride the debugger trap. This is useful if you want to prevent users from getting to the debugger at all.
If you want to define your own trap on SIGINT but still trap to the debugger when it is running, use:
if {![exp_debug]} {trap mystuff SIGINT}
Alternatively, you can trap to the debugger using some other signal.
trap will not let you override the action for SIGALRM as this is used internally to Expect. The disconnect command sets SIGALRM to SIG_IGN (ignore). You can
reenable this as long as you disable it during subsequent spawn commands.
See signal(3) for more info.
wait [args]
delays until a spawned process (or the current process if none is named) terminates.
wait normally returns a list of four integers. The first integer is the pid of the process that was waited upon. The second integer is the corresponding spawn
id. The third integer is -1 if an operating system error occurred, or 0 otherwise. If the third integer was 0, the fourth integer is the status returned by the
spawned process. If the third integer was -1, the fourth integer is the value of errno set by the operating system. The global variable errorCode is also set.
Additional elements may appear at the end of the return value from wait. An optional fifth element identifies a class of information. Currently, the only pos‐
sible value for this element is CHILDKILLED in which case the next two values are the C-style signal name and a short textual description.
The -i flag declares the process to wait corresponding to the named spawn_id (NOT the process id). Inside a SIGCHLD handler, it is possible to wait for any
spawned process by using the spawn id -1.
The -nowait flag causes the wait to return immediately with the indication of a successful wait. When the process exits (later), it will automatically disappear
without the need for an explicit wait.
The wait command may also be used wait for a forked process using the arguments "-i -1". Unlike its use with spawned processes, this command can be executed at
any time. There is no control over which process is reaped. However, the return value can be checked for the process id.
LIBRARIES
Expect automatically knows about two built-in libraries for Expect scripts. These are defined by the directories named in the variables exp_library and
exp_exec_library. Both are meant to contain utility files that can be used by other scripts.
exp_library contains architecture-independent files. exp_exec_library contains architecture-dependent files. Depending on your system, both directories may be
totally empty. The existence of the file $exp_exec_library/cat-buffers describes whether your /bin/cat buffers by default.
PRETTY-PRINTING
A vgrind definition is available for pretty-printing Expect scripts. Assuming the vgrind definition supplied with the Expect distribution is correctly installed, you
can use it as:
vgrind -lexpect file
EXAMPLES
It many not be apparent how to put everything together that the man page describes. I encourage you to read and try out the examples in the example directory of the
Expect distribution. Some of them are real programs. Others are simply illustrative of certain techniques, and of course, a couple are just quick hacks. The INSTALL
file has a quick overview of these programs.
The Expect papers (see SEE ALSO) are also useful. While some papers use syntax corresponding to earlier versions of Expect, the accompanying rationales are still
valid and go into a lot more detail than this man page.
CAVEATS
Extensions may collide with Expect's command names. For example, send is defined by Tk for an entirely different purpose. For this reason, most of the Expect com‐
mands are also available as "exp_XXXX". Commands and variables beginning with "exp", "inter", "spawn", and "timeout" do not have aliases. Use the extended command
names if you need this compatibility between environments.
Expect takes a rather liberal view of scoping. In particular, variables read by commands specific to the Expect program will be sought first from the local scope, and
if not found, in the global scope. For example, this obviates the need to place "global timeout" in every procedure you write that uses expect. On the other hand,
variables written are always in the local scope (unless a "global" command has been issued). The most common problem this causes is when spawn is executed in a proce‐
dure. Outside the procedure, spawn_id no longer exists, so the spawned process is no longer accessible simply because of scoping. Add a "global spawn_id" to such a
procedure.
If you cannot enable the multispawning capability (i.e., your system supports neither select (BSD *.*), poll (SVR>2), nor something equivalent), Expect will only be
able to control a single process at a time. In this case, do not attempt to set spawn_id, nor should you execute processes via exec while a spawned process is run‐
ning. Furthermore, you will not be able to expect from multiple processes (including the user as one) at the same time.
Terminal parameters can have a big effect on scripts. For example, if a script is written to look for echoing, it will misbehave if echoing is turned off. For this
reason, Expect forces sane terminal parameters by default. Unfortunately, this can make things unpleasant for other programs. As an example, the emacs shell wants to
change the "usual" mappings: newlines get mapped to newlines instead of carriage-return newlines, and echoing is disabled. This allows one to use emacs to edit the
input line. Unfortunately, Expect cannot possibly guess this.
You can request that Expect not override its default setting of terminal parameters, but you must then be very careful when writing scripts for such environments. In
the case of emacs, avoid depending upon things like echoing and end-of-line mappings.
The commands that accepted arguments braced into a single list (the expect variants and interact) use a heuristic to decide if the list is actually one argument or
many. The heuristic can fail only in the case when the list actually does represent a single argument which has multiple embedded \n's with non-whitespace characters
between them. This seems sufficiently improbable, however the argument "-nobrace" can be used to force a single argument to be handled as a single argument. This
could conceivably be used with machine-generated Expect code. Similarly, -brace forces a single argument to be handle as multiple patterns/actions.
BUGS
It was really tempting to name the program "sex" (for either "Smart EXec" or "Send-EXpect"), but good sense (or perhaps just Puritanism) prevailed.
On some systems, when a shell is spawned, it complains about not being able to access the tty but runs anyway. This means your system has a mechanism for gaining the
controlling tty that Expect doesn't know about. Please find out what it is, and send this information back to me.
Ultrix 4.1 (at least the latest versions around here) considers timeouts of above 1000000 to be equivalent to 0.
Digital UNIX 4.0A (and probably other versions) refuses to allocate ptys if you define a SIGCHLD handler. See grantpt page for more info.
IRIX 6.0 does not handle pty permissions correctly so that if Expect attempts to allocate a pty previously used by someone else, it fails. Upgrade to IRIX 6.1.
Telnet (verified only under SunOS 4.1.2) hangs if TERM is not set. This is a problem under cron, at and in cgi scripts, which do not define TERM. Thus, you must set
it explicitly - to what type is usually irrelevant. It just has to be set to something! The following probably suffices for most cases.
set env(TERM) vt100
Tip (verified only under BSDI BSD/OS 3.1 i386) hangs if SHELL and HOME are not set. This is a problem under cron, at and in cgi scripts, which do not define these
environment variables. Thus, you must set them explicitly - to what type is usually irrelevant. It just has to be set to something! The following probably suffices
for most cases.
set env(SHELL) /bin/sh
set env(HOME) /usr/bin
Some implementations of ptys are designed so that the kernel throws away any unread output after 10 to 15 seconds (actual number is implementation-dependent) after the
process has closed the file descriptor. Thus Expect programs such as
spawn date
sleep 20
expect
will fail. To avoid this, invoke non-interactive programs with exec rather than spawn. While such situations are conceivable, in practice I have never encountered a
situation in which the final output of a truly interactive program would be lost due to this behavior.
On the other hand, Cray UNICOS ptys throw away any unread output immediately after the process has closed the file descriptor. I have reported this to Cray and they
are working on a fix.
Sometimes a delay is required between a prompt and a response, such as when a tty interface is changing UART settings or matching baud rates by looking for start/stop
bits. Usually, all this is require is to sleep for a second or two. A more robust technique is to retry until the hardware is ready to receive input. The following
example uses both strategies:
send "speed 9600\r";
sleep 1
expect {
timeout {send "\r"; exp_continue}
$prompt
}
trap -code will not work with any command that sits in Tcl's event loop, such as sleep. The problem is that in the event loop, Tcl discards the return codes from
async event handlers. A workaround is to set a flag in the trap code. Then check the flag immediately after the command (i.e., sleep).
The expect_background command ignores -timeout arguments and has no concept of timeouts in general.
EXPECT HINTS
There are a couple of things about Expect that may be non-intuitive. This section attempts to address some of these things with a couple of suggestions.
A common expect problem is how to recognize shell prompts. Since these are customized differently by differently people and different shells, portably automating
rlogin can be difficult without knowing the prompt. A reasonable convention is to have users store a regular expression describing their prompt (in particular, the
end of it) in the environment variable EXPECT_PROMPT. Code like the following can be used. If EXPECT_PROMPT doesn't exist, the code still has a good chance of func‐
tioning correctly.
set prompt "(%|#|\\$) $" ;# default prompt
catch {set prompt $env(EXPECT_PROMPT)}
expect -re $prompt
I encourage you to write expect patterns that include the end of whatever you expect to see. This avoids the possibility of answering a question before seeing the
entire thing. In addition, while you may well be able to answer questions before seeing them entirely, if you answer early, your answer may appear echoed back in the
middle of the question. In other words, the resulting dialogue will be correct but look scrambled.
Most prompts include a space character at the end. For example, the prompt from ftp is 'f', 't', 'p', '>' and <blank>. To match this prompt, you must account for
each of these characters. It is a common mistake not to include the blank. Put the blank in explicitly.
If you use a pattern of the form X*, the * will match all the output received from the end of X to the last thing received. This sounds intuitive but can be somewhat
confusing because the phrase "last thing received" can vary depending upon the speed of the computer and the processing of I/O both by the kernel and the device
driver.
In particular, humans tend to see program output arriving in huge chunks (atomically) when in reality most programs produce output one line at a time. Assuming this
is the case, the * in the pattern of the previous paragraph may only match the end of the current line even though there seems to be more, because at the time of the
match that was all the output that had been received.
expect has no way of knowing that further output is coming unless your pattern specifically accounts for it.
Even depending on line-oriented buffering is unwise. Not only do programs rarely make promises about the type of buffering they do, but system indigestion can break
output lines up so that lines break at seemingly random places. Thus, if you can express the last few characters of a prompt when writing patterns, it is wise to do
so.
If you are waiting for a pattern in the last output of a program and the program emits something else instead, you will not be able to detect that with the timeout
keyword. The reason is that expect will not timeout - instead it will get an eof indication. Use that instead. Even better, use both. That way if that line is ever
moved around, you won't have to edit the line itself.
Newlines are usually converted to carriage return, linefeed sequences when output by the terminal driver. Thus, if you want a pattern that explicitly matches the two
lines, from, say, printf("foo\nbar"), you should use the pattern "foo\r\nbar".
A similar translation occurs when reading from the user, via expect_user. In this case, when you press return, it will be translated to a newline. If Expect then
passes that to a program which sets its terminal to raw mode (like telnet), there is going to be a problem, as the program expects a true return. (Some programs are
actually forgiving in that they will automatically translate newlines to returns, but most don't.) Unfortunately, there is no way to find out that a program put its
terminal into raw mode.
Rather than manually replacing newlines with returns, the solution is to use the command "stty raw", which will stop the translation. Note, however, that this means
that you will no longer get the cooked line-editing features.
interact implicitly sets your terminal to raw mode so this problem will not arise then.
It is often useful to store passwords (or other private information) in Expect scripts. This is not recommended since anything that is stored on a computer is suscep‐
tible to being accessed by anyone. Thus, interactively prompting for passwords from a script is a smarter idea than embedding them literally. Nonetheless, sometimes
such embedding is the only possibility.
Unfortunately, the UNIX file system has no direct way of creating scripts which are executable but unreadable. Systems which support setgid shell scripts may indi‐
rectly simulate this as follows:
Create the Expect script (that contains the secret data) as usual. Make its permissions be 750 (-rwxr-x---) and owned by a trusted group, i.e., a group which is
allowed to read it. If necessary, create a new group for this purpose. Next, create a /bin/sh script with permissions 2751 (-rwxr-s--x) owned by the same group as
before.
The result is a script which may be executed (and read) by anyone. When invoked, it runs the Expect script.
SEE ALSO
Tcl(3), libexpect(3)
"Exploring Expect: A Tcl-Based Toolkit for Automating Interactive Programs" by Don Libes, pp. 602, ISBN 1-56592-090-2, O'Reilly and Associates, 1995.
"expect: Curing Those Uncontrollable Fits of Interactivity" by Don Libes, Proceedings of the Summer 1990 USENIX Conference, Anaheim, California, June 11-15, 1990.
"Using expect to Automate System Administration Tasks" by Don Libes, Proceedings of the 1990 USENIX Large Installation Systems Administration Conference, Colorado
Springs, Colorado, October 17-19, 1990.
"Tcl: An Embeddable Command Language" by John Ousterhout, Proceedings of the Winter 1990 USENIX Conference, Washington, D.C., January 22-26, 1990.
"expect: Scripts for Controlling Interactive Programs" by Don Libes, Computing Systems, Vol. 4, No. 2, University of California Press Journals, November 1991.
"Regression Testing and Conformance Testing Interactive Programs", by Don Libes, Proceedings of the Summer 1992 USENIX Conference, pp. 135-144, San Antonio, TX, June
12-15, 1992.
"Kibitz - Connecting Multiple Interactive Programs Together", by Don Libes, Software - Practice & Experience, John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, England, Vol. 23, No. 5,
May, 1993.
"A Debugger for Tcl Applications", by Don Libes, Proceedings of the 1993 Tcl/Tk Workshop, Berkeley, CA, June 10-11, 1993.
AUTHOR
Don Libes, National Institute of Standards and Technology
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to John Ousterhout for Tcl, and Scott Paisley for inspiration. Thanks to Rob Savoye for Expect's autoconfiguration code.
The HISTORY file documents much of the evolution of expect. It makes interesting reading and might give you further insight to this software. Thanks to the people
mentioned in it who sent me bug fixes and gave other assistance.
Design and implementation of Expect was paid for in part by the U.S. government and is therefore in the public domain. However the author and NIST would like credit
if this program and documentation or portions of them are used.
激長です。機能が多いことも理解できます・・・
長いのでヘルプだけを見てみましょう。
$ expect -h
expect: invalid option -- 'h'
usage: expect [-div] [-c cmds] [[-f] cmdfile] [args]
今度はシンプルすぎて使い方がよくわかりません。
とりあえず、僕の使ったコマンドは以下の通りです。コピペしてお使いください。
expect -c
set timeout 5
spawn ssh user@example.com
expect \":\"
send \"yes\n\"
expect \"password:\"
send \"%password%\n\"
expect \"$\"
exit 0
任意のサーバーにsshした時に、分岐が合った場合は"yes"を選択して、パスワードを入力するサンプルです。
もっと色々な対話ができるので、試してみるといいでしょう。
「sshアクセスは鍵使えばいいじゃん！」というツッコミは無しでお願いします。
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